现在进行时

什么是时态:

 即时间和形态，不同时间所体现出来的形态不一样。英文中时态的不同通过动词来体现。即动词的形态随着时间的改变而改变。

含义:

 表示正在进行的动作

结构:

 am/is/are + doing（动词的现在分词）

注意：

 am/is/are 更具主语的不同，使用的be动词也不同

I am doing ……
He/She/It is doing ……
We/You/They are doing ……

巧记:

 我用am ，你用are，is用于它他她。单数全部用is，复数全部都用are.

{% note info %}
提示: am/is/are 在此做助动词，没有实际意义，帮助动词doing一起做谓语。

用法：

1. 表示现在正在做的事

   例句：

   Mon is cooking in the kitchen.

   Susan is reading a book.

   I am watching TV.

   They are cleaning the office.

   My dog is running after a cat. // 我的狗在追一直猫

2. 表示现阶段正在做的事

   例句：

   I am studying English.

   Peter is running after Susan.

否定:

 am/is/are 后加 `not`

例句：

 He isn't sleeping.

 I am not watching TV.

 They aren't running.

疑问

 am/is/are 提支主语之前，句末加问号

例句：

 Are you reading a book?

 What are you doing?

 what is Sally doing?

一般现在时

常与时间状语：often、usually、always、every、sometimes、at……

用法：

1. 表示经常性习惯性的动作或存在的状态

   I often get up early.

   He is busy every day.

2. 表示主语的特征、性格、能力、爱好等

   Susan is tall.

   I like swimming.

   John works hard.

3. 表示客观真理

   There are seven days in a week.

   The earth moves around the sun.

结构：

1. 主语+系统此be（am/is/are）

   be之后不再有其它动词，常跟形容词、名词或介词短语做表语。

   She is beautiful.

   This is my dog.

   Mon is in the kitchen.

2. 主语+其它动词

   1）主语+动词原型

    I love you.

    I like coffee.

    You look well.

    We get up at 7 in the morning.

    John and tom like tea.（虽然是第三人称但不是单数）

   否定：主语+don’t + 动词原形

    I don’t love you.

    I don’t like tea.

    没有am/is/are时需要添加助动词do、does、did来构成否定句

   疑问句：在主语前添加助动词do,句末加问号

    Do you like coffee?

    What do you like?

    Which one do you want?

    where do you live?

   一般疑问句的回答用do的简略形式：

    Yes,I do.  No,I don’t.

   2）主语+动词第三人称单数

    Linda likes music.

    My brother likes grapes.

    Blake likes steak.

   否定：主语+doesn’t+动词原形

    Does Linda like music?

    Linda doesn’t like music.

一般过去时

用法：

1. 表示过去某个特定时间点的状态或动作

   I bought a dictionary yesterday.

   He was a doctor a year ago.

2. 过去某段时间内的习惯、反复发生的动作

   When he was a child, he often went the bed.

3. 当谈到已故的人的时候

   Luxun was a great writer.

结构：

1. 主语+be的过去式（was,were）

   am->was

   is->was

   are->were

   Jimmy was ill last week.

   I was at the dentish’s yesterday.

   It was cold yesterday.

   We were home yesterday.

   I was tired last night.

   提示： 天气、时间等用it做主语。

   例句比较：

    I am a teacher.

    I was a teacher.

   
   

    We are good friends.

    We were good friends.

   否定疑问：

    把was和were 看作时am/is/are使用，变为否定和疑问句。

2. 主语+动词过去式（使用于任何人称）

   例句：

   He jumped off the wall.

   He worked very late last night.

   I arrived home late.

   He said nothing.

   We finished the work.

   比较：

    I love you.
   
    I loved you.
   

   否定：动词前加didn't,把动词改回原形

    I didn't work yesterday.
   
    He didn't come.
   
    We didn't finish the work.
   

   疑问：主语前加did，动词改为原形

    Did he phone you yesterday?
   
    What did you say?
   
    What did you do yesterday?
   
    Did you enjoy yourself last night?
   
    Tom washed the dishes.
   

现在完成时

结构：

 has/have+动词过去分词

 过去分词形式通常与过去式一样，不规则动需单独记忆。

 has/have为助动词（否定句、疑问句不需要在加助动词）

 否定疑问在has/have上发生变化（hasn’t / haven’t）

用法：

1. 动词在过去已经发生，但对想在的影响依然存在，而且具体发生时间不明，一但具体时间确定，就必须使用一般 过去式。

   just（刚刚）

   already（已经）

   yet（还，任然）

   never（从不）

   ever（曾经）

   例句：

   He has already left.

   I have already finished my work.

   We have already had breakfast.

   I have already had 3 cups of coffee.

   My brother has just arrived in Beijing.

2. 表示一直延续到现在的动作

   常出现for、since、so far

   for:时间段

   since:时间点

   例句：

   I have lived in Beijing for 12 years. // 我在北京已经居住了12年了

   I have lived in Beijing since 2002.//从2002年开始我就居住在北京了

   So far,we haven’t seen each other.// 到目前位置，我们还没有见过面

3. 例句比较

   I am a teacher.// 一般现在时，我是一名老师

   I was a teacher 12 years ago.// 一般过去式，我12年前时老师

   I have been a teacher for 12 years.// 现在完成时，我已经当老师12年了

一般将来时

含义：

 表示从现在看将来要发生的动作或情况。

常与将来的时间状语连用：tomorrow、next week

结构：

will/shall + 动词原形

will：可用于任何人称，常和主语写为 ’ ll ,否定缩写为 ‘ won’t

will/shall 为情态动词，不随主语的改变而改变，所有情态动词后接动词原形

例句：

1. I’ll leave Beijing tomorrow.
2. It’ll snow tonight.
3. It will not snow tonight.
4. Will you miss me?// 你会想我吗?
5. I was,am and will be you friend.
6. He will move house.
7. Will you call me tonight?
8. I will not come tomorrow.=>I won’t come tomorrow.

过去将来时

表示从过去看将来要发生的动作

结构：

will的过去式==would

would + 动词原形

He said he wouldn’t come tomorrow.

过去进行时

表示过去某个时间段或某个时间点正在进行的动作

结构：

was/were + doing

例句：

1. She was swimming yesterday afternoon.
2. I was sleeping at ten last night.

 过去进行时经常与 when、as、while引导的时间状语用于从句中，用于说明主句动作发生的背景。when、as、while可以替换使用。

例句：

1. When I was cooking,he called.
2. When he was crossing the street,he slipped.
3. While we were having dinner,the doorbell ring.

疑问否定：

 过去进行时存在助动词，所以疑问句和否定句在助动词上发生变化。

否定疑问例句：

1. You were not listening to me.
2. Were you listening to me?
3. How were you feeling at that time?
4. Yesterday while I was walking home,I saw car accident.
5. Were you talking to me?
6. Who were you talking to just now?

动词的现在分词

1. 一般动词在词尾加 ing

   read--------reading

   cook-------cooking

2. 以不发音的e结尾的动词，去e加ing

   make-------making

   type--------typing

   come------coming

3. 以重度闭音节结尾的动词，双写最后一个辅音在加ing

   最后三个字母(辅音–元音–辅音)然后重度的单词为重读音

   put—putting

   run—running

   begin–beginning

   sharpen–sharpening

动词的第三人称单数

1. 一般动词在词尾加s

   like-----likes

   run----runs

   live—lives

   work—works

2. 以辅音字母 + y 结尾的动词，把y变i在加es

   cry—cries

   fly—flies

   study—studies

   buy—buys（不满足直接加s）

3. 以s、x、ch、sh、o结尾的动词，词尾加es

   teach—teaches

   wash—washes

   fix—fixes

动词的过去式

不规则动词的过去式

1. say------said
2. do------did
3. go-------went
4. come-----came
5. break----broke
6. tell------told
7. ………………

有规则动词的过去式

1. 一般动词加ed

   call------called

   answer----answered

   finish----finished

2. 以e结尾的动词只加d

   phone—phoned

   believe------believed

   agree------agreed

3. 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词y变i在家ed

   cry-----cried

   try-----tried

   study----studied

   enjoy----enjoied

   play----plaied

4. 以重度闭音节结尾的动词，双写最后一个辅音字母加ed

   stop-----stopped

   beg-----begged

   fit----fitted